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Guide to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

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  • GEOLOGY OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS The Great Smokies, parallel to the Blue Ridge, some 40 to 50 miles away, are part of the northwest escarpment of the Appalachians and overlook the valley that spreads westward to the Cumberland plateau. The Great Smoky Mountains are among the very oldest mountains on the earth. Scientists have read, in their crushed and tilted strata, an amazing story of cataclysmic upheavals, strange inland seas and erosion-periods millions of years long. "The mighty Smokies," a scientist has said, "are only the erosional remnants of the roots or stubs of mightier mountain masses that existed in some earlier day." In the Cambrian period of geology, hundreds of millions of years ago, "Appalachia" was an island of mighty mountain Peaks in a vast sea. The island extended from the region of Labrador to that of the West Indies. After ages of erosion which filled the sea floor with sediment, especially to the northwest, and after gradual sinking of the land mass came the "Appalachian revolution", when the eroded land was lifted and crushed by terrific forces from the northwest and southeast which heaved up and folded the strata into parallel layers then overturned them toward the northwest at angles of from 20 to 60 degrees. Another period of erosion then began, during which the mass of the continent was leveled. In this period, known as the Cretaceous Peneplain, what are now mountains were merely mounds rising from a featureless plain. There followed another upheaval which raised the whole Appalachian area, making it resemble a gigantic overturned half-melon or a low, oval dome with a great valley-depression extending from the region of southern Pennsylvania to that of northern Georgia. The sluggish peneplain streams quickened and began the work of erosion which is even now being carried on although, then, the streams flowed in other directions. 109
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